At the Borders of the Great Steppe: Late Iron Age Hillforts between the Eastern Carpathians and Prut (5^th—3^rd Centuries BC)
Category: Archaeology
Language: English

Table of contents

FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY ASPECTS

I.1. Means and methods

I.1.1. General considerations

I.1.2. Means and methods used for identifying and mapping the forts

I.1.3. The methodology for the description of hillforts in the repertoire

1.1.4. Remarks regarding the terminology and historical interpretations

I.1.5. Excavation techniques and other observations

I.2. Geographical conditions of the area

I.2.1. Limits

I.2.2. The Eastern Carpathian Mountains

1.2.3. The Eastern Subcarpathian Hills

1.2.4. The Moldavian Plateau

I.2.5. The paleo-environment

CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

II.1. General considerations

II.2. Late Iron Age hillforts between myth and legend

II.3. Research history up to 1918

II.4. Research history between 1918–1945

II.5. Research history between 1945–1989

II.6. Research history between 1990 – present

II.7. Our own contributions

CHAPTER III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPERTOIRE

III.1. Hillfort Repertoire

III.1.1. Albești-Cetățuia (Vaslui County)

III.1.2. Arsura-Cetatea Arsura / Cetățuia Mogoșești (Vaslui County)

III.1.3. Bârlălești-Cetățuia Foișor (Epureni Commune, Vaslui County)

III.1.4. Bazga-Cetățuia (Răducăneni commune, Iași County)

III.1.5. Brăhășești-Cetățuia (Galați County)

III.1.6. Bucecea / Cervicești-Pădurea Găvanului (Botoșani County)

III.1.7. Buhalnița-Cetate (Ceplenița commune, Iași County)

III.1.8. Bunești-Dealul Bobului (Bunești – Averești commune, Vaslui County)

III.1.9. Cândești-Coasta Nacului (Dumbrăveni commune, Vrancea County)

III.1.10. Cetățuia-Cetățuia Strâmba (Puiești commune, Vaslui County)

III.1.11. Cotnari-Cătălina (Iași County)

III.1.12. Cotu Copălău-Cetate (Botoșani County)

III.1.13. Crețești-Cetățuia (Vaslui County)

III.1.14. Crivești-Cetate (Strunga commune, Iași County)

III.1.15. Dagâța-Dealul Șanțurilor (Iași County)

III.1.16. Dobrovăț-Cetățuia (Iași County)

III.1.17. Dochia-Cetățuia Sărățica (Neamț County)

III.1.18. Dumești / Rafaila – Zarea Rafailei (Vaslui County)

III.1.19. Fedești-Cetățuia (Șuletea commune, Vaslui County)

III.1.20. Ibănești-Măgura Ibăneștilor (Botoșani County)

III.1.21. Mălușteni-Cetățuia (Vaslui County)

III.1.22. Merești-Cetate (Vulturești commune, Suceava County)

III.1.23. Moșna-Cetate (Iași County)

III.1.24. Murgeni-Cetățuia Ciomaga (Vaslui County)

III.1.25. Oțeleni / Bâra-Cetate (Iași / Neamț Counties)

III.1.26. Poiana cu Cetate-Cetate (Grajduri commune, Iași County)

III.1.27. Poiana Mănăstirii-Între Șanțuri (Țibana commune, Iași County)

III.1.27. Scobinți–Basaraba (Iași County)

III.1.29. Scobinți-Dealul lui Vodă (Iași County)

III.1.30. Scobinți-Grădiștea (Iași County)

III.1.31. Șendriceni-Dealul Țiclău / Cetate (Botoșani County)

III.1.32. Stâncești-Cetate / Bobeica (Mihai Eminescu commune, Botoșani County)

III.1.33. Stănișești / Răchitoasa-Cetățuia (Bacău County)

III.1.34. Todirești-Dealul Șanțurilor (Iași County)

III.1.35. Văculești-Cetate / Dealul Podiș (Botoșani County)

III.1.36. Victoria-Șanțul Caterinei (Botoșani County)

III.1.37. Vinderei-Cetățuia (Vaslui County)

III.2. Addenda et Corrigenda

CHAPTER IV. THE HILLFORTS IN THE EAST-CARPATHIAN LANDSCAPE

IV.1. Spatial distribution

IV.2. Hillforts and landforms. An attempt of classification

IV.3. Viewshed and control

IV.4. Tumuli in and around hillforts

CHAPTER V. UNDERSTANDING THE HILLFORTS. MORPHOLOGY AND DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS

V.1. General typological aspects

V.1.1. Shape of hillforts

V.1.2. Size of hillforts

V.1.3. Bastions

V.1.4. Entrances and gates

V.2. Defensive systems

V.2.1. Ramparts. General considerations

V.2.2. Dump rampart, ditch and palisade

V.2.3. Timber box ramparts at Arsura and Brăhășești hillforts?

V.2.4. A Pfostenschlitzmauer and a dump rampart at Cotnari hillfort?

V.3. Constructing the hillfort and its defenses

V.4. Defending and attacking hillforts

CHAPTER VI. LIVING IN THE ENCLOSURES. STRUCTURES INSIDE THE HILLFORTS

VI.1. Spatial organization of structures

VI.2. Domestic structures inside the hillforts

VI.2.1. The dwellings. The data from the literature

VI.2.2. Dwellings. Data obtained from our own excavations

VI.2.3. Pits and other categories of features

VI.3. Cultic structures

CHAPTER VII. CRAFTS AND OCCUPATIONS

VII.1. Food-producing occupations

VII.1.1. Agriculture

VII.1.2. Animal husbandry

VII.1.3. Hunting, fishing and foraging

VII.2. The pottery production

VII.3. Spinning and weaving

VII.4. Other crafts

VII.5. Jewelry production

CHAPTER VIII. EXCHANGES

VIII.1. Trade and connectivity

VIII.1.1. Trade and connectivity with the Greek and Mediterranean world

VIII.1.1.2. Greek and Hellenistic Amphorae

VIII.1.1.2.1. Amphorae from Aegean centers

VIII.1.1.2.2. Amphorae from Pontic centers

VIII.1.1.3. Other materials

VIII.1.2. Trade and connectivity with the Eurasian Steppes

VIII.1.3. Trade and connectivity with the Latene “Celtic” cultures

VIII.1.4. Trade and connectivity with the northern areas

VIII.1.5. Long–range connections?

VIII.2. Did the builders of the hillforts mint coin? The Huși-Vovriești dilemma

CHAPTER IX. TREASURES AND HOARDS IN THE HILLFORTS

IX.1. A “Scythian” treasure outside “Scythia”. The hoard from Stâncești hillfort

IX.2. The hoards and deposits from the Bunești hillfort

IX.3. The golden diadem from Bunești hillfort

CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PLATES

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